What Are the 6 Clauses in SQL?

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What Are the 6 Clauses in SQL? (13 อ่าน)

2 ธ.ค. 2568 13:12

SQL( Structured Query Language) is the standard language used to interact with relational databases. 

It allows druggies to fit , modernize, cancel, sludge, and recoup data efficiently. While SQL has numerous commands and operations, 

the abecedarian structure blocks of nearly every SQL query are clauses. 

Understanding SQL clauses is essential because they help structure queries, control affair, sludge data, and define how records should be reused. 

Whether you're a freshman, a data critic, a software tester, or a backend inventor, learning these 

SQL clauses will significantly ameliorate your capability to work effectively with databases. 

In SQL, there are six primary clauses generally used to make queries. 

SELECT 

FROM 

WHERE 

GROUP in 

Keeping 

ORDER in 

These clauses are used in a fixed order and combine to produce important queries that recoup accurate and meaningful information. 

Let's dive deeply into each clause, its purpose, real- time exemplifications, and how they work together. 

1. elect Clause 

The SELECT clause is the most constantly used clause in SQL. It tells the database what data you want to recoup. 

Purpose of SELECT 

Displays one or further columns 

Can display all columns using * 

Supports functions like COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(), AVG() 

Supports expressions and aliasing 

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illustration 

SELECT name, age, megacity FROM scholars; 

This retrieves the name, age, and megacity of all scholars. 

elect with alias 

SELECT payment * 12 AS annual_salary FROM workers; 

Why SELECT matters 

It forms the affair structure. Without the SELECT clause, no data can be recaptured or displayed. 

2. FROM Clause 

The FROM clause specifies the table( s) from which data must be recaptured. 

Purpose of FROM 

Determines the source of the data 

Allows joining multiple tables 

Workshop with subqueries 

illustration 

SELECT * FROM workers; 

This retrieves all columns from the workers table. 

Join illustration 

SELECT e.emp_name, d.dept_name 

FROM workers e 

JOIN Departments d ON e.dept_id = d.dept_id; 

Why FROM matters 

It tells SQL where to cost data from. Without FROM, SELECT can not serve in utmost queries. 

3. WHERE Clause 

The WHERE clause filters records grounded on a condition. It's used to prize only the necessary data rather of reacquiring all rows. 

Purpose of WHERE 

Pollutants rows 

Uses logical drivers( AND, OR, NOT) 

Uses comparison drivers( = ,>, = , 50000; 

This retrieves earning workers further than ₹ 50,000. 

WHERE with multiple conditions 

SELECT * FROM Products 

WHERE order = ' Electronics' 

AND price BETWEEN 10000 AND 50000; 

Why WHERE matters 

It improves effectiveness, delicacy, and performance by filtering out gratuitous data. 

4. GROUP in Clause 

The GROUP in clause groups rows that partake analogous values into summary rows. It's substantially used with aggregate functions. 

Purpose of GROUP in 

Groups data into orders 

Helps cipher summaries, summations, and pars 

workshop with COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MAX(), MIN() 

illustration 

SELECT department, COUNT( *) AS employee_count 

FROM workers 

GROUP in department; 

This counts the number of workers in each department. 

Multiple groupings 

SELECT megacity, gender, COUNT( *) 

FROM scholars 

GROUP in megacity, gender; 

Why GROUP in matters

It's pivotal for assaying large datasets, generating reports, and recapitulating data meaningfully.

5. HAVING Clause

The Keeping clause pollutants groups created by GROUP in. It acts like a WHERE clause but is applied after grouping.

Purpose of HAVING

Pollutants added up data

Applies conditions on grouped records

workshop only with GROUP in

illustration

SELECT department, COUNT( *) AS emp_count

FROM workers

GROUP in department

Keeping COUNT( *)> 10;

This displays only departments that have further than 10 workers.

Why Keeping matters

WHERE can not filter added up results. That’s why Keeping exists to apply conditions on grouped summaries.

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